Discussing Pregnancy And Motherhood Privileges Social Work Essays

Discussing Pregnancy And Motherhood Privileges Social Work Essays Discussing Pregnancy And Motherhood Privileges Social Work Essay Discussing Pregnancy And Motherhood Privileges Social Work Essay Pregnancy and maternity is a important portion of womens lives. In fact, maternity is a privilege that lone adult females can see. However, non all adult females experience privileged about going a female parent. Knowles and Cole ( 1990 ) suggest that there is an increasing figure of instances wherein soon-to-be female parents are non happy about their gestation either because of their current matrimonial relationship, the biological male parent of the babe is non responsible plenty to give emotional and fiscal support, or merely because they have negative past experiences such as being sexually or physically abused by their ain parents, brothers, or relations ( Knowles and Cole 1990 ) . Due to high incidence of unhappy pregnant adult females and female parents, the figure of female perversion besides increases. Sexual maltreatment towards kids or the act of bring downing injury towards her ain organic structure or the kid s organic structure is considered as female perversion in the sense that sexually mistreating her ain kids, bring downing injury towards one s ain organic structure or her kid s organic structure is wholly the antonym of the true construct of maternity and muliebrity. Welldon ( 2008 ) argues that female perversion is frequently expressed by bring downing suicidal injury caused by biological or hormonal upsets that usually affects their generative significance ( Welldon 2008 ) . Unlike male perversion, research workers highlight that female perversion purposes at doing physical injury against their ain organic structure or against the objects that they created, including their babes ( Welldon 2008 ; Springer-Kremser et Al. 2003 ; Richards 1990 ) . Motz ( 2001 ) acknowledges that there are many ways in which female perversion could do physical injury towards her ain organic structure. Since perverse adult females place their ain organic structure as their female parents organic structure, perverse adult females is capable of assailing their ain organic structure through self-mutilation or self-starvation ( Motz 2001 ) . Other marks of perverse adult females include, as Balsam ( 2008 ) and Somers and Block ( 2005 ) note are: the act of exhibitionism wherein the adult female shows off her organic structure as a manner of demoing her active sex life and pleasance they get during reproduction and sexual promiscuousness ( Balsam 2008 ; Somers and Block 2005 ) . In the instance of perverse female parents, Banning ( 1989 ) explains that they attack their ain kids as a manner of showing their violent retaliation ( Banning 1989 ) . Assorted research workers note that perverse female parents are frequently guilty of infanticide, improper abortion, and hiding a birth ( Fraser 2008 ; Spinelli 2004 ; Tekell 2001 ; Boswell 1984 ) . Boswell ( 1984 ) suggest that infanticide instances usually occurs when the female parent abandon their baby in out-of-door topographic points in order him or her to decease from hypothermia, carnal onslaught, hungriness, or desiccation ( Boswell 1984 ) . In some instances, as Spinelli ( 2004 ) high spots, infanticide can besides go on by deliberately smothering the baby utilizing a pillow or submerging the baby in a bathing tub ( Spinelli 2004 ) . Spinelli ( 2004 ) and Tekell ( 2001 ) argue that that regardless of whether maternal infanticide instances happened because of postpartum mental unwellness or psychosis, schizophrenic disorder, or strictly because of disregard on the portion of the female parent or carer, infanticide outside the construct of mental unwellness is clearly a offense under the jurisprudence ( Spinelli 2004 ; Tekell 2001 ) . Postpartum mental unwellness or psychosis is a sort of mental unwellness that can happen because of excessively much blood flow that passes through the encephalon ( Meyer, Proano and Franz 1999 ; Cox 1988 ) . In some instances, as Rapaport ( 2006 ) high spots, the pattern of lactation could go a land for mental perturbations among female parents who has merely given birth to a babe ( Rapaport 2006 ) . Fraser ( 2008 ) besides argues that biological and hormonal instabilities cause important alterations in the temper such as agitation, craze, and psychotic beliefs on the portion of the female parents ( Fraser 2008 ) . Aside from biological or hormonal upsets, other common factors that can trip female perversion, as research workers suggest, include the early exposure to maternal maltreatment and disregard, alcohol addiction, the usage of illegal drugs, and stress related to socio-economic jobs ( Barnett 2006 ; Motz 2001 ) . Peter ( 2008 ) suggests that when a immature miss is physically or sexually abused or neglected in the yesteryear, the hereafter relationship of the abused might take to confusion between the appropriate and inappropriate sexual activity, particularly if the relationship is an opprobrious 1. Since the negative experience with adult male could farther damage their self-image and psychological operation, the victim s ability to go good female parent will besides negatively affected ( Peter 2008 ) . Barnett ( 2006 ) besides notes that childhood experiences such as a immature miss who failed to have emotional support from female parents and male parents could turn up feeling devastated about their life. Because of their strong desire to arise, some adult females may stop up going unwed female parents merely to turn out their muliebrity or their ability to go more superior than another individual in this instance, their ain kids ( Barnett 2006 ) . In line with this, other surveies, Barne tt ( 2006 ) and Welldon ( 1991 ) , highlight that immature misss who were sexually abused or emotionally deprived by their female parents frequently end up every bit cocottes as a manner of retaliation. Writers besides suggest that such female parents with psychological instability will deliberately bring down physical injury on their kids ( Barnett 2006 ; Welldon 1991 ) . Welldon ( 1991 ) besides explains that perverse female parents can either be a facilitator person who is capable of accommodating to the kid s demands ; or regulator the type of female parent who anticipate that their babe is capable of accommodating to their ain demands, which the 2nd type taking more to physical maltreatment of kids ( Welldon 1991 ) . Society in general perceves female parents as a function theoretical accounts to their kids, loving, fostering. As portion of being a function theoretical account, ideal female parents should forbear from the usage of illegal substances, intoxicant and smoke dependences. Aside from modeling, educating, and fostering their kids to go good citizens, ideal female parents are expected to do their kids happy and confident by transfusing merely good values in their heads. In other words, the function of ideal female parents are non limited in feeding their kids but besides to do them experience that they are loved by non being selfish. Every adult female, on other manus, desires to be accepted socially as a good mother.In line with the strong desire to be accepted in public, the act of idealising maternity may take to denial of female perversion. As it was highlighted previuosly, perverse female parents are capable of sexually mistreating or physically harming their ain kids due of their n egative childhood experiences. By purely idealising the construct of maternity in our society, there is a strong possibility for perverse female parents will deny take parting in any signifiers of such actions. As mentioned in the old statement, assorted research workers suggest that female perversion can be noted when there is alarmingly disturbed relationship between the female parent and her baby, female parent and boy, or female parent and girl ( Peter 2008 ; Hetherton 1999 ; Banning 1989 ) . In line with this, adult females who have been neglected or deprived of love in the yesteryear or were sexually abused, could do them capable of sexually mistreating their ain kids. Although the possibility wherein perverse female parents could sexually mistreat their kids is high, Motz ( 2001 ) high spots that these type of instances are frequently under-reported because of the complex relationship or emotional fond regard that is present between the female parents and kids. The absence of concrete groundss, it would be hard to turn out that a perverse female parent is so penalizing their kids physically or sexually particularly when the kid is excessively immature to speak and support themselves against their opprobrious female parents ( Motz 2001 ) . As a portion of idealising maternity and muliebrity, the thought wherein perverse female parents are mistreating their ain kids physically or sexually is wholly non acceptable within our society. As a consequence of idealising maternity and muliebrity, there is a strong possibility wherein perverse adult females are more likely to deny their act of perversion in order to protect themselves from being humiliated and judged by the public as irresponsible, immoral, and/or cruel female parents. For this ground, Hetherton ( 1999 ) and Banning ( 1989 ) argue that idealisation of adult females could ensue to more under-reported instances particularly with respects to condemnable issues wherein female culprits would sexually mistreat a kid ( Hetherton 1999 ; Banning 1989 ) . Researchers surveies suggest that adult females s yesteryear and unsolved experiences of being sexually abused during her childhood yearss can do them prone to lower status composite which makes her an easy victim of opprobrious work forces ( Balsam 2008 ; Springer-Kremser et Al. 2003 ) . In line with this, a good illustration is drawn by Motz ( 2001 ) where a perverse female parent wherein becomes as an accoutrement of sexually mistreating her ain kids, when the hubby coerced the married woman to promote 7 and 10 year-olds, sexually abused victims, to masturbate the hubby while the married woman was taking images ( Motz 2001 ) . We can propose that in instance these two kids refused to take part in the sexual activity with the male parent, either the female parent or the male parent would physically harm the kids for noncompliance. There is besides a strong inclination for both parents to endanger these kids non to inform other people about the sexual activity that happened between them. Given that the society purely idealizes the construct of maternity, perverse female parents will continuously deny their willingness to mistreat their kids physically or sexually as a manner of protecting themselves from going involved in kid maltreatment instances. Based on the given illustration, it is possible on the portion of the perverse female parent to claim that it was the hubby who made her encourage kids to execute illicit sexual activities with the twosome. For this ground, as we may propose, it is the hubby who is more likely to confront the legal effects or penalty for prosecuting kids to take part in illegal sexual activities as compared to the perverse female parent. Harmonizing to Welldon ( 1991 ) , perversion in maternity is possible when society denies mother s perversion and idealises being a female parent. Author farther agrues that due to sexual or societal political relations, some adult females are non treated as a complete human existences because they were non born as work forces. By non leting adult females to experience wholly as human existences, there is a greater opportunity wherein of emotional instability taking female parent to ensue in perverse maternity ( Welldon 1991 ) . Sing the instances of maternal infanticide, Rapaport ( 2006 ) explained that the jurisprudence in UK has a typical statute law with respects to the act of killing babies and immature kids by their ain female parents. In line with this, adult females who are proved victims of biological or hormonal perturbation caused by immatureness or unfavourable fortunes such as colza instances are qualified for settled jurisprudence. For this ground, adult females who are guilty of maternal infanticide are free from decease punishment. Under the British s infanticide legislative act of 1922 and 1938, female parents who are guilty of killing their baby or kids because of postpartum mental unwellnesss or psychosis are exempted from capital penalty related to slaying. Author farther acknowledge us the legal charges that are most likely to be imposed on the accused female parents will be reduced to manslaughter provided that there are adequate biological grounds to turn out that the accused female pa rents are traveling through postpartum-related mental upset. Alternatively of directing the accused female parents to prison, perverse female parents who happened to be convicted of killing their babies due to post-partum syndromes are mandated to undergo hospitalization for necessary interventions ( Rapaport 2006 ) . In relation to the instance of maternal infanticide, Card ( 2002 ) explained that evil actions can be classified as either unbearable injury or blameworthy error ( Card 2002:4 ) . Since scruples plays a important factor which enables us to move good workss and avoid those that are evil, each individual should be free from mental unwellnesss when judging whether a human action is morally good or bad ( Card 2002 ) . Card ( 2002 ) suggest that those adult females who are enduring from postnatal mental unwellness or psychosis, should non be classified as perverse female merely because they are non mentally capable of finding what is right from incorrect at the clip the y had committed a offense. Infanticide caused by postpartum mental unwellness and psychosis should neer be considered as an knowing offense. For this ground, the degree of legal penalty imposed on postpartum female parents who are accused of infanticide should be different from perverse female parents who are guilty of deliberately bring downing physical or sexual injury on their kids ( Card 2002 ) . West and Lichtenstein ( 2006 ) besides draw a good exaple of criminalisation of Andrea Yates instance who drowned her five kids in the bathing tub and was inicially convinced for capital slaying, who subsequently on was found guilty of insanity and finally was moved to province mental infirmary. Writers argue that society s myths and perceptual experiences about perfect mothehood plays a great function in womens lives and stigmatizes those who s behavoir is unnatural and aberrant. Aside from tabu and stigma, society besides do nt take into history the function of adult females ; s day-t o-day activities, which as writers argue, lead to dual displacement both at place and at work which frequently result in emotional and physical emphasis and therefore could escallate to slay of a kid ( West and Lichtenstein 2006 ) . Although it is possible that the act of idealising maternity could take to denial of female perversion, it is by no uncertainty that justness will ever predominate. Even though perverse female parents are capable of denying the act of harming their kids physically or sexually, the local governments can still garner concrete groundss from the victims of kid maltreatment in order to convict preserve female parents who are guilty of perpetrating a offense. Perverse female parents may continuously deny their act of female perversion, as in Andrea Yates instance due to delusional ideas about Satan, but they are non free from being lawfully punished for their socially unacceptable behavior. Rapaport ( 2006 ) suggests that when maternal infanticide is classified by head-shrinkers as a signifier of postpartum mental unwellness or psychosis, suspected female parents who are positive for postnatal mental unwellness or psychosis should be given the privilege to have psychiatric intervention ( Rapaport 2006 ) . In line with this, Spinelli ( 2004 ) extremely recommended the demand to do usage of formal DSM-IV diagnostic standards when size uping a suspected female parent for killing her baby and make up ones minding for the degree of penalty to be imposed on mentally sick individual ( Spinelli 2004 ) . Sing the fact, as Hetherton ( 1999 ) high spots, that idealisation of adult females could ensue to more under-reported instances peculiarly with respects to condemnable issues wherein female culprits would sexually mistreat a kid, criminologists together with the aid of societal workers and school instructors should continuously educate kids refering ways on how they can protect themselves from opprobrious parents including issues related to perverse female parents. By learning the victims of sexually and physically opprobrious parents on how they can describe such instances to the governments, the figure of victimization caused by perverse adult females is more likely to diminish over clip ( Hhetherton 1999 ) . Barnett ( 2006 ) and Motz ( 2001 ) , as noted antecedently, suggest that the factors which can trip female perversion include hormonal instabilities doing mental unwellness, the early exposure to maternal maltreatment and disregard, alcohol addiction, the usage of illegal drugs, and stress related to socio-economic jobs ( Barnett 2006 ; Motz 2001 ) . For this grounds, the sort of penalty imposed on adult females who are convicted of slaying their kids varies on instance to instance footing. Wilczynski ( 1997 ) notes that unlike work forces, the cosmopolitan feature of ideal adult females is inactive by nature. Since the populace s perceptual experience of adult females is characterized by muliebrity, there is a lesser opportunity wherein perverse adult females and female parents will be accused of bring downing physical and emotional injury on their kids. This is one of the chief grounds why it has been a common legal pattern in the United Kingdom that adult females who are found gui lty of killing their ain kids are most likely to have lesser penalty as compared to work forces ( Wilczynski 1997 ) . Up to the present clip, there is ongoing state of affairs wherein perverse adult females and female parents are sexually mistreating both male and female kids. Since the instances of female culprits are frequently left unreported and considered by society as rare, there is a hazard that the figure of perverse female and female parents who are on the loose will continuously mistreat kids either sexually or physically ( Peter 2008 ) . The legal system in the United Kingdom strongly recognizes the possible nexus between maternal mental unwellness with maternal infanticide and kid homicide. Since there are instances wherein perverse female parents and immature adult females who are convicted of slaying their kids are utilizing insanity as a defense mechanism for slaying or kid maltreatment, criminologists in UK should be able to larn more ways on how they can better their ability to distinguish perverse female parents from those female parents who are enduring from mental unwellnesss caused by postpartum. By head-shrinkers to beef up their ability to observe postpartum-related mental upset and psychosis, there is a higher opportunity wherein the accused perverse female parents will be able to have proper medical intervention and free themselves from the penalty of life-time imprisonment. As Raitt and Zeedyk ( 2004 ) suggest there is a really thin line that separates guiltless adult females from perverse adult females who are guilty of slaying or physically harming their ain kids. Sing the fact that idealisation of maternity can enable perverse adult females and female parents who has merely given birth to a babe to misdirect the governments by moving similar to female parents with postnatal mental upsets, criminologists should take it as a challenge to concentrate on finding the truth by garnering concrete groundss that will turn out whether or non perverse adult females or perverse female parents are guilty of a offense. To forestall false accusals or incorrect judgement, it is of import on the portion of criminologists to do usage of medicine intercession such as necropsy in order to find whether the decease of an baby was purpose or simply caused by unaccountable infant decease syndrome ( Raitt and Zeedyk 2004 ) . *** End ***