Europes Iron Curtain Division

The Iron Curtain did not reach the ground and under it flowed liquid manure from the West. - Prolific Russian writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn, 1994. The Iron Curtain was a phrase used to describe the physical, ideological and military division of Europe between the western and southern capitalist states and the eastern, Soviet-dominated communist nations during the Cold War, 1945–1991. (Iron curtains were also metal barriers in German theaters designed to stop the spread of fire from the stage to the rest of the building while an orderly evacuation took place.) The western democracies and the Soviet Union had fought as allies during the Second World War, but even before peace had been achieved, they were circling each other warily and suspiciously. The US, the UK, and allied forces had freed large areas of Europe and were determined to turn these back into democracies, but while the USSR had also freed large areas of (Eastern) Europe, they had not freed them at all but merely occupied them and determined to create Soviet puppet states to create a buffer zone, and not a democracy at all. Understandably, the liberal democracies and Stalins murdering communist empire did not get on, and while many in the west remained convinced of the good of the USSR, many others were horrified by the unpleasantness of this new empire and saw the line where the two new power blocs met as something fearful. Churchills Speech The phrase Iron Curtain, which refers to the harsh and impenetrable nature of the divide, was popularized by Winston Churchill in his speech of March 5th, 1946, when he stated: From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow. Churchill had previously used the term in two telegrams to US President Truman. Older Than We Thought However, the term, which dates back to the nineteenth century, was probably first used in regard to Russia by Vassily Rozanov in 1918 when he wrote: an iron curtain is descending on Russian history. It was also used by Ethel Snowden in 1920 in a book called Through Bolshevik Russia and during WWII by Joseph Goebbels and German politician Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk, both in propaganda. The Cold War Many western commentators were initially hostile to the description as they still viewed Russia as a wartime ally, but the term became synonymous with the Cold War divisions in Europe, just as the Berlin Wall became the physical symbol of this division. Both sides made attempts to move the Iron Curtain this way and that, but hot war never broke out, and the curtain came down with the end of the Cold War at the end of the twentieth century.

The Differences Between China And Western Europe - 843 Words

Imagine living in America and it not being well America. There would be different ways of agriculture. Different languages. Different religious beliefs. Having a different way of living in society, economically and politically. Everything would be different if China would have went about and conquered Western Europe during the 14-1500’s. There are many things in history that can mark the milestone differences between China and Western Europe. No one really knows when Chinese culture really began, however Chinese civilization began near the Yellow River (Huang He) becoming North China, and Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) indicating South China. The first Dynasty, the Xia (Hsia) Dynasty began in about 2070 or 2205 BCE. Historians have found proof of the wheel first being used in China during this time showing urban culture did exist. The Shang Dynasty followed introducing the first Chinese Government. A lot of the â€Å"basic† Chinese culture was introduced during the Zhou (Chou) Dynasty such as the â€Å"Mandate of Heaven.† China contains a lot of history throughout the years. There were battles between the states, many new emperors and leaders, as well as new technologies. All of which brought three great Chinese philosophies; Daoism, Confucianism, and Legalism. It wasn’t until about 581 CE that Chi na was reunifies under the leader, Sui Wendi. Wendi linked North and South China together by the Grand Canal. It was during the Song Dynasty, in 960 CE, that China promoted better tools. TheShow MoreRelatedCCOT And CC Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesPolytheism Judaism Christianity Asia Compare the origins and tenets of TWO fo the following religious and philosophical systems. Buddhism Confucianism Hinduism Daoism Analyze how gender roles in India and China changed from 8000 b.c. – 600 c.e. OR from 600 c.e. – 1450 c.e. 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Accountability and Ownership

Questions: 1. What is the difference between Accountability and Ownership? 2. From your perspective, what are the 3 key challenges in holding people Accountable? 3. What mechanisms do you use to motivate your employees? 4. Read Case Study 1 and respond to the following questions: a. Did Bhanu Shankar do the best he could? b. Who was to blame for the failure? c. Could the expectation setting be managed better? d. What could Bhanu Shankar do to ensure Commitment from the various teams? 5. Read Case Study 2 and respond to the following questions: a. Was Vijesh accountable for the project failure? Was it right to blame him for the project failure? b. How do you see Nirmalas role in this situation? c. Was it possible for her to ensure shared accountability? How? Answers: 1. The difference of accountability and ownership is that accountability is doing what people suppose to do because other peoples expectation is assigned to it (Dawkins et al. 2015). On the other hand, ownership is all about own expectations which needs to be fulfilled at times (Reed 2015). Ownership is taking responsibility of himself/herself. 2. The three key challenges in holding people Accountable are as follows: Goals and expectations are confusing at times Penalty and reward structure is flawed Organisational performance may not reviewed on daily basis Performance related issues might be raised It often mislead because there is no connection between final results and recognition 3. The common mechanisms used to motivate employees are as follows: Changing approach of the employee Control over choices Proper cooperation to work with other people Positive recognition Happiness at work Showing trust towards the other working people4. a. Yes he did.b. His team members accountability approachc. Yes, if the team has taken its ownership seriously, the expectation can be managed better.d. Performance related issues relating to the team should be solved at the initial stages. By taking this approach, Bhanu Shankar could increase his team commitment.5. a. No. Vijesh was not accountable for the project failure. It is not right to blame him because all of a sudden he accepted to take the post of a project manager within 2 days. However, it was his accountability to take care of the project, but it was already an outdated project plan and team was already taking things lightly and this was the main cause of project failure.b. According to the situation, Nirmala was a manipulator. She should aware the situation in front of Vijesh before h e takes up the role of the project manager.c. Yes. If she shared the correct situation of the project to Vijesh, then he would assess the situation in advance. References: Dawkins, S., Tian, A.W., Newman, A. and Martin, A., 2015. Psychological ownership: A review and research agenda.Journal of Organizational Behavior. Reed, C., 2015. Information in the cloud: ownership, control and accountability.Chapters, pp.139-159.

Life Of Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton English Literature Essay free essay sample

My pick to research a saint was Elizabeth Ann Seton. She founded the first sistership in the United States known as the American Sisters of Charity, and she opened the first Catholic School ( Emmitsburg ) . Here is some more information about this dedicated, hardworking, and faithful saint. She was born in New York on August 28, 1774, into a affluent Protestant household. Her male parent was the first wellness officer of the metropolis ( Feeney 7 ) . Elizabeth s female parent was Catherine Bayley, who died when Elizabeth was three old ages old ( Emmitsburg ) . The Setons belonged to a high circle of household friends. When Elizabeth was a adolescent and immature grownup she was considered the most beautiful debutante of her clip. When Elizabeth was 20, she married William Seton, whose parents owned transportation and bank companies in Italy. Something Elizabeth truly liked about William was the narratives from his travels. Elizabeth longed to travel to all the topographic points he had been ( Feeney 31 ) . With William, Elizabeth had five kids. Anna Maria, born in 1795, William, born in 1796, Richard Bayley, born in 1798, Catherine Charlton, born in 1800, and Rebecca Mary, born in 1802 ( Emmitsburg ) . Sadly, Elizabeth s male parent became really ill and Elizabeth took attention of him, as she was her male parent s favourite kid. When his wellness started to acquire worse, she went outside with her infant Catherine, and offered the babe to God every bit long as He saved her male parent. Her male parent died in 1801 and her babe s life was saved ( Randolph ) . While Elizabeth was still sorrowing over the loss of her male parent, William became really ill. William and Elizabeth had merely been married eight old ages when he became sick, so Elizabeth and her oldest girl, Anna Maria, traveled to Italy to remain with some household friends. Her other kids stayed with Elizabeth s aunt. Merely a few yearss after William arrived in Italy on December 27, he died from TB. Elizabeth and her girl stayed in Italy, where she became really interested in the Catholic Church, even to the point of change overing ( Feeney 95 ) . Harmonizing to Feeney, Elizabeth knew that when she went back to New York that she would hold fiscal jobs because William s household concern was non making so good. But when she eventually did return to New York, she realized how terrible their province was. Since she was so interested in the Catholic religion, she started to inquire inquiries about why Catholics were so devout. They ( Catholics ) went to Mass everyday and they truly lived their religion ( 102-3 ) . Elizabeth s household did non O.K. of her believing about change overing to the Catholic Church. Every Sunday, Elizabeth would be watched to see what church she attended, if she went at all. The priest of the Episcopalian Church gave Elizabeth books against the Catholic Church. Since Elizabeth was watched so much, and she was such a letdown to household and friends, she stayed in bed deep in idea with a megrim. Very few people were on Elizabeth s side, but the people that neer doubted her determination were her kids ( Fe eney 126-129 ) . Finally Elizabeth had adequate and decided which church to travel to: she decided to fall in the Catholic Church. Feeney states that on Ash Wednesday in 1802, Elizabeth walked into St. Peter s Church and said, Here my God I go! ( 134 ) . Because of her determination, most of her friends, household and New York society ostracized her while all this was traveling on. Elizabeth was still holding money jobs, and she needed a manner to back up her kids. This was when she got the thought to get down a Catholic school, since that would kill two birds with one rock. She wanted her kids to turn up with a good Catholic instruction, and she needed money. Soon after she got this thought she met a twosome who besides wished to carry through the same thing and together they accomplished this undertaking. The school was opened in New York City and was unsuccessful. Many people knew about Elizabeth Ann Seton s transition and did non desire their kids to be taught by her ( Feeney 142 ) . Subsequently, Elizabeth met Father William Du Bourg who was sing NYC from Baltimore on a concern trip. He heard about her wanting to open a successful Catholic school. A twelvemonth subsequently in 1808, Father William came back to NYC and saw Elizabeth once more, and still impressed by the quality of her bravery and forbearance, decided to travel through with the thought of conveying her to Baltimore to open the first Catholic School, ( Feeney 148, 150 ) . She packed her few properties and brought her kids to the docks, and they all sailed together for Baltimore. Equally shortly as the school was opened it was successful, but she needed more Catholic nuns to learn the kids. When immature misss heard about her school they wanted to come and assist, and wanted to go nuns. Her priest advised her to get down the fold of the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul ( Feeney 166-169 ) . Emmitsburg notes that while things seemed to be traveling good for Elizabeth, calamity after calamity filled her life. Her girl Anna Maria caught TB as an stripling and was sworn into the Sisters of Charity on her deathbed. Rebecca fell on ice at age 14 and badly injured her hip, which crippled her for life. She besides died from TB in 1812. Richard joined the United States Navy and died off the seashore off Liberia. Three of Elizabeth s five kids were buried in Emmitsburg cemetery before she died on January 4, 1821. She suffered from TB from 1811 until her decease ( Emmitsburg ) . Her boy William was besides a crewman. William and Elizabeth wrote to each other all the clip. He knew she was ill, but neer knew she was so close decease. Elizabeth wrote to her boy to maintain him near to his religion, because she knew many of his crewman friends strayed off from God. When he eventually arrived in Boston from sea he ran into all sorts of holds going. When he reached the convent, the nuns met him outside, but did non run into his eyes. The priest started to travel towards William with an envelope, from himself to his female parent. William knew what had happened, so he walked into the cemetery of Saint Joseph s Convent at Emmitsburg, ( Feeney 212 ) . There he saw the grave of his darling female parent. He arrived six months excessively tardily. There are three miracles that can be attributed to Elizabeth. Sister Gertrude was cured of malignant neoplastic disease. A immature miss named Ann Theresa was cured of leukaemia. And a adult male named Carl was cured of phrenitis. Elizabeth s feast twenty-four hours is January 4. She was canonized on September 14, 1975 by Pope John Paul the VI. Elizabeth is the frequenter saint of Persecution of religion, Death of kids and parents, In-law jobs, Opposition of Church governments, Widows, and Illness ( Catholic Online ) . After completing all my research on Elizabeth Ann Seton I realize that I am proud of my in-between name. Even though everyone did non O.K. of her pick to change over, she still did. She stayed with her beliefs. I am besides glad to cognize that she founded the first Catholic school and she was the first saint to be a indigen of America ( Catholic Online ) . That is why I admire her and take Elizabeth Ann Seton for my research undertaking. Work Cited Catholic Online. Elizabeth Ann Seton. Catholic Online. NA. Web. 11/1/10. Emmitsburg Area Historical Society. St. Elizabeth Ann Seton. Emmitsburg Area Historical Society. Internet. NA. Web. 1 November 2010. Feeney, Leonard. Mother Seton Saint Elizabeth of New York. Cambridge. Dodd, Mead and Company, 1975. Print Randolph, Bartholomew. St. Elizabeth Ann Seton. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 11/1/10.